18th century names uk. The name means “boar” and comes from German.
18th century names uk Generate names used in the UK during the 21st century. It changed its name in 1973 but still bears the Knatchbull shield. [1] Apr 26, 2011 · Though 18 th and 19 th Century migration resulted in the Dankworth surname becoming well-established in the US, particularly in Ohio and Texas (with the late, Texas-born Ed Dankworth being a Former Alaska legislator), the family in the UK has remained small, with fewer Dankworths appearing to be recorded in the 21 st Century than at the start By the end of the 18th century middle names were still unusual among typical Americans. In him a noble understanding and a masterly intellect were united with grand independence of character and unfailing goodness of heart, which won him the admiration of his own age, and remain as recommendations to the reverence of posterity. The office of prime minister developed in Britain in the 18th century, when King George I ceased attending meetings of his ministers and it was left to powerful premiers to act as government chief executive. Most people are familiar with the name British Gas but have no clue Jan 30, 2024 · Many colonial names for girls have fallen out of favor for long enough now to sound fresh and even cool again. Feb 28, 2025 · More Ashkenazi Jews arrived in the 18th century so by 1800 there were approximately 23,000. A typical English patronymic is Johnson (John’s son) which can be shortened with the genitive ‘s’ to Johns. In its heyday, The George was one of the busiest inns in England. The -son form was more common in northern England. Sir Robert Walpole is generally considered to have been Britain’s first prime minister. and R. Jul 11, 2017 · Right: Pair of Rococo carved walnut fauteuils, late 18th/early 18th century, $500 – $1,000 via Butterscotch Auction Gallery on July 16, 2017. A patronymic surname is derived from the personal name (occasionally the occupation) of a person’s father, or sometimes mother or other relative. [1] From the 18th century, most townhouses were terraced; it was one of the successes of Georgian architecture to persuade the rich to buy terraced houses, especially if they were in a In order to see how the popularity of names had changed over time, I looked separately at people who were aged 51 or over (i. Although a name can be a good starting point for dating a clock, pinpointing the year it was made can still be difficult for a number of reasons. [357] Hazlewood Castle: Castle 13–18th This is a chronological list of highwaymen, land pirates, mail coach robbers, road agents, stagecoach robbers, and bushrangers active, along trails, roads, and highways, in Europe, North America, South America, Australia, Asia, and Africa, from ancient times to the 20th century, arranged by continent and country. Feb 6, 2024 · Colonial names from the 1700s are the names that were used in Early America and Georgian England. Dec 15, 2020 · These 18th century names and names from the Georgian era are unique historical names that are still beautiful and relevant today. An old Irish word for a nosy, prying person who This pattern was reproduced towards the end of the 19th century and throughout the 20th century in two distinct forms; Rat-tail and Hanoverian. It boomed in size. [355] Danby Castle: Quadrangular castle 14th century: Fragmentary ruins Private, farm Partly used as farm buildings. Anyway, she named her sons, and insisted that their first names should be non-family names, although their secondary names were family ones. ArtUK – British Artists – Database of British Painters whose work is in UK Public Feb 19, 2025 · Bennett – derived from the Latin name Benedictus, meaning “blessed” or “well-spoken. Jul 23, 2019 · Below are the top 50 first names for boys and girls born in 1700 in England and Wales according to Leslie Dunkling in The Guinness Book of Names, 6th Edition (1993). Other groups described as Hellfire Clubs were set up throughout the 18th century. It appeals to girls as a unique way to get to the nickname Evie. All are first names and middle names — the surnames are not included unless indicated by 'sn' — and have been checked against other records for accuracy. Feb 18, 2025 · It was for those who added feathers to the arrows and is considered one of the main Regency surnames of the 18th-century. Victorian name generator . Jun 28, 2023 · Some Regency Era names were around long before the 18th century and have lasted well into the 21st! Here are some of the common names for boys from the Regency Era still used today! Alexander - Greek. Jan 10, 2025 · The next stop is Stamford, where The George Hotel has been serving travelers for about 1,000 years - although most of the visible building is 18th-century. Directories Directories list all trades people, local notables, and householders. The largest cities in later Anglo-Saxon England however were Winchester, London and York, in that order, although London had eclipsed Winchester by the 11th century. Many were desperately poor when they arrived having been stripped of their possessions in Germany, Poland, Russia and other Eastern European lands. [27] [28] Red-Hart Inn, Petty Cury, Cambridge Mar 14, 2021 · Bath in the 18th century. [ 87 ] 18th- and 19th-century additions and alterations. The disease was often fatal in the 18th and 19th centuries but is now believed to have been eradicated by vaccination programmes. James - Hebrew Dec 8, 2014 · To put this together, I used portions of UK Census Returns of 1801 and 1821, snippets of Burke’s Peerage 1826 that I could find online, and various parish records from the early 19 th century. From a small pool of family names to a wide range of exotic, ancient, religious, and arts-based monikers, Victorian girls’ names expanded as the world did. Jacob - Hebrew. NW Prospect of Bristol, 1734 SE Prospect of Bristol, 1734 Bristol Bridge , the only way of crossing the river without using a ferry, was rebuilt between 1764 and 1768. 20th-century photographs and postcards of pubs abound. [26] Pyewipe Inn, Lincoln. 2. new Apr 1, 2020 · Then there are the mavericks! My Mam was one such. "Tubmen" carried contraband spirits away from the coast like this: in small oval barrels called half-ankers , tied together in pairs. John White Abbott; William Adam (artist) Charles James Adams; Eleazar Albin; Winton Aldridge; William Alexander (painter) Henry Thomas Alken; Joseph William Allen Historical Post Office roles - The Postal Museum Feb 11, 2025 · Patronymic names changed with each generation. The garden dates to the Middle Ages when it was used by the hospital for the Knights of St. V. Generate names used in England during the 18th century. 18th-century London by William Hogarth. Occasionally, the same name was given to more than one living child, but this was rare. 8 18th, 19th and 20th-century British and Irish architects who emigrated Toggle 18th, 19th and 20th-century British and Irish architects who emigrated subsection 8. [2] Its creation appears to be a result of the dismemberment of the Mercian Kingdom's province of the Peak District and the chronicle says, under 1048: “her wæs eac eorðstyrung on Kalendas Maias on manegum stowum, on Wygracestre on Wic on Deorby elles gehwær, eac wæs Note that several of the early Saxon coins have the same names as their 18th century British counterparts. In the 18th century, Bath became a much more genteel and fashionable place. The -s form was preferred in south Mar 23, 2023 · A dew-beater wearing dew-beaters. Jul 15, 2020 · Classic Baby Names; 18th Century Names. Aug 19, 2019 · Names and naming patterns in England, 1538-1700 Bookreader Item Preview Names, Personal -- England -- History -- 18th century The 18th century marked a period of continued expansion and development for the ancient port town: the first theatre in Plymouth was built 1762, followed by the town's first bank in 1772. Elizabeth - Hebrew. 2. From the mid-18th century, masters or owners of most British-registered merchant ships were required to keep a record of their crew before the ship left port. This was largely due to the efforts of Richard ‘Beau’ Nash 1674-1762 who was made Master of Ceremonies. , 1784. 00934167: 1560 Countermarked Edward VI 3rd periond shillings which were terribly debased. Male. Grace - Latin. Denoted by a countermark of a seated greyhound on the obverse The names of the hundreds point to primitive meeting-places gradually superseded by villages and towns. The name means “boar” and comes from German. Abroad, Britain’s involvement in the War of the Spanish Succession had been brought to a Name Born Died Notes 26 January 1708: George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington KB 1663 1733 Senior Naval Lord 1710–1712, 1714–1717, 1718–1721; promoted Admiral of the Fleet in 1718 17 December 1708 [1] John Jennings: 1664 1743 Senior Naval Lord 1721–1727 21 December 1709: Sir John Norris: 1670 1749 2. Similar growth took place in the two neighbouring towns of Stonehouse and Devonport (Plymouth-Dock). Johnson. The precursor to twopence just with a different name. In the 18th century, Poole in Dorset with its convenient harbour, was one of the greatest smuggling towns on the English coast. Tea was landed from passing East Indiamen and brandy, silk and lace came across in huge quantities from France and the Channel islands. [5] Feb 16, 2025 · As the Victorians made their way through the 19th century, the names they chose reflected the changing attitudes, expectations, and values of the times. A. County Durham Mar 19, 2020 · Sunnyside, it turns out, has a long and complex history involving (in reverse order) extremely wealthy Victorian industrialists, Victorian celebrities Sir Walter Scott and Washington Irving, 18th-19th century northern nonconformist and North American churches, 16th-17th century Scottish land-tenure, and prehistoric Nordic farming practice Klaus Störtebeker was a 14th–15th century German pirate and one of the leaders of the Likedeelers, a combination of former Victual Brothers (Vitalienbrüder) who roamed Northern European seas. The number of Brittonic place names in this area is extremely low. Here is a list of English Cabinet makers and antique furniture designers throughout the 18th and 19th century from A to Z. Jan 22, 2021 · One reason was that the names represented men from “different grades of English society” — including peers, scholars, tradesmen, and servants. Oct 18, 1981 · An equally popular name for the same type of wooden tankard was a hoop or hooped pot, also made of staves bound together. The name for this style is derived from the French word “rocaille,” meaning “shell” or “rock;” indeed, rock and broken shell motifs are defining features of the style. Henry - German. Martin's Ampleforth School: 16th- and 18th-century additions and alterations. [25] The Pied Bull in Chester in reputed to be the oldest licensed house in the city and dates back to 1155. Relative Worth of Eighteenth Century British Denominations 44 18th Century War, Security, and Intelligence Europe North America Colonialism and Empire Northern Europe Western Europe The Caribbean United Kingdom Canada United States of America (USA) Southern Europe Ireland British Colonies in North America Thirteen Colonies The Bahamas West Indies Jamaica British Army Officers Lieutenants Captains In the 18th century, over 30 million porcelain wares were shipped from China to England and its colonies. In 1922 the Irish Free State ceased to be part of the UK. [356] Gilling Castle: Tower house 14th century: Intact St. The Shire breed holds the world record for the tallest, largest, and oldest horse ever lived on the planet! Despite being the giants of the horse world, they are of a gentle nature and can even be safely handled by children. The term was closely associated with Brooks's, established in 1764. So, while it's tempting to imagine a bevy of Victorian children running around with the names Tryphena, Hephzibah, Ursula , Watkin, Hezekiah and Shadrach , these were very much in In fact, this was the traditional garb of the sailor of the 18th and 19th centuries, so while the outfit looks distinctive today, it was hardly exceptional 200 years ago. (This includes names derived at an older stage of the language. There seem to be more diminutives for girls, but for some male names there are many diminutives perhaps reflecting the fact that there were a lot of men having certain popular Academic studies prospered in the 18th century as the curriculum broadened (1760) into French, Maths, and accounting. These girl names were at the apex of their popularity 78 years ago (USAGE OF 8. 18th-century map of the city and region around Bristol, England. The collection is particularly rich in 18th century London newspapers. Twopence: 2d: £0. Some Regency Era names were around long before the 18th century and have lasted well into the 21st! Here are some of the most popular Regency Era baby names for girls. Early Americans used names from a variety of styles, including obscure biblical names such as Tryphena and Thirza, extreme virtue names such as Silence and Obedience, and extravagant American place names, such as Philadelphia and Tennessee. Py'd Bull, Lincoln (closed). All names have been taken from public databases, which have taken the names from birth registers, social security card applications and other similar systems. Pronounced "tuppence". The school moved to Hythe Road in 1881, but it was demolished and re-built in 1956. One of the more infamous gangs of the early 18th century, they extended their influence from Hawkhurst, their base in Kent, along the South coast, where they successfully raided the Custom House, Poole. May 26, 2017 · In 1850, 226,944 girls and 260,775 boys were given a name in the top 20. I think this weakened family traditions. The The word “clann” comes from the Gaelic and means children, and its members claimed kinship from the common ancestor whose name they bore, and even the poorest clansman considered themselves of nobler birth than any southerner. Thousands more came in the 19th century following persecutions in central eastern Europe as well as Russia. Only three of our first seventeen presidents — all them born by 1809 — carried middle names. Including lots of classic names such as William, John and Robert for boys and Dorothy, Eleanor and Jemima for girls, this list of Old English names and popular names in the 1700s might include the perfect name for Feb 1, 2024 · Of course, the most common boy name during colonial times was John, closely followed by other very classic boy names such as William and Henry. Rat-tail has a pronounced ridge to the front stem and a long rat-tail to the reverse of spoon bowls (and occasionally the reverse of forks) and takes its inspiration from the early 18th century examples. An 18th-century word for an especially large shoe, and consequently a clumsy or awkward person. Name Country Born Died first Englishwoman to qualify as a physician and surgeon in the UK; co-founder of first hospital 🎲︎ generators. . Apr 6, 2021 · Originating in 18th century England, this British draft horse breed is extreme in every way. The name of the pub is also usually included, together with its address. Many fine buildings were erected in Bath in the 18th century. 16th-17th Dec 9, 2023 · Vintage Everett was a popular turn-of-the-century name currently enjoying a major resurgence. So, are you ready for the list? Here’s the top 100: Did the relative popularity of any of these names surprise you? Below is a selection of names from the GRO Birth Records for England and Wales in 1876. The official name of the United Kingdom was changed to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, in 1927. Powerful ruler. An Anglo-Saxon shire who name was derived from the Celtic kingdom of Dumnonia, with the shire of Devon forming the central-west part of the former kingdom. Entering the UK Top 1000 for the first time and proving popular among The new culture of the Anglo-Saxons replaced the culture of the Romans and ancient Britons. Famous Mar 26, 2025 · 17th-18th Century Burney Collection Newspapers This database provides access to over 1,270 newsbooks, newspapers, pamphlets and a variety of other news materials published in England, Ireland and Scotland, plus papers from British colonies in Asia and the Americas. Emma - German. 19%) and have become much less widespread since (USAGE 2. Yermak Timofeyevich, a 16th-century Cossack river pirate who started the Russian conquest of Siberia in the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible Sep 21, 2021 · During the 18th Century, it has continued to expand and offer energy services to both households and companies in the UK. Graceful blessing. Jul 23, 2019 · Below are the top 50 first names for boys and girls born in 1700 in England and Wales according to Leslie Dunkling in The Guinness Book of Names, 6th Edition (1993). The shire court originally met at Northampton. English Denominations Stemmed from Roman and Saxon Tradition: A Table of Saxon Coins and Values Circa 8th Century 43 . You can also find plenty of inspiration for historical names and other Regency era details from the novels of Georgette Heyer, Susan Ferrier, Frances Jan 18, 2025 · Among the 19th century names still stuck in the 19th century are Bertha, Gertrude, and Myrtle for girls; Clarence, Herbert, and Elmer for boys. --Born 18th Septr. This is a page of A Small Collection of Antique Silver and Objects of vertu, a 1000 pages richly illustrated website offering all you need to know about antique silver, sterling silver, silverplate, sheffield plate, electroplate silver, silverware, flatware, tea services and tea complements, marks and hallmarks, articles, books, auction catalogs, famous silversmiths (Tiffany, Gorham, Jensen This is a list of numbered Regiments of Cavalry of the British Army from the mid-18th century until 1922 when various amalgamations were implemented. 07%, 75%) , with names like Maria going out of style. This was simply a record of the total number of crew (known as a muster roll), but it evolved into what are known as crew lists and agreements. Gift of God’s favor. Twopence-farthing: 2¼d: 0. UK, from 2019 to 2022. Variants have been grouped together under their most frequent form. Middle Names Became Customary in the Nineteenth-Century Nov 2, 2016 · Images: inns were quite popular subjects for 18th-century and 19th-century amateur and professional artists. See general sources for images and the image finder for lists by country and county. However, only 57,954 girls and 38,885 boys were given a name that ranked between #21- #200. J. Female. A family might, therefore, have several John or Jane children. Details of population size are however lacking. In the 17th century the chief of the clan was both a gentleman and a barbarian. It was common practice during much of the 19th century for the retailer who sold the clock to put its name on the dial. Though the main branch of the Savage family died out in the 18th century, (through marriage of females of the family line, and no male heir to continue it), and Rocksavage House ceased to exist two centuries ago, the name still survives - in 1998, HM Queen Elizabeth officially opened Rocksavage Power Station (now the Rocksavage Power Company The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created in 1801. One quirky fashion of 19th century names are nicknames that end in ie, especially for girls. 1 Born 1800–1824. Derbyshire is first mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 1048 in Manuscript D, known as the "Northern Recension". This name generator will give you 10 random names from the Victorian era. 20th Century. Feb 25, 2025 · The six towns of Stoke-on-Trent, collectively referred to as ‘The Potteries’, were the centre of the British pottery industry in the 18th century, with over 300 potworks creating wares at the turn of the 19th century, thanks in no small part to the pioneering work of Josiah Wedgwood. God’s oath. BARBER or BARBER SURGEON A barber who also acted as a surgeon (an Act was passed that limited Barbers to hair-cutting, shaving, dentistry and blood letting in the 18th century) BARD Poet, writer or minstrel BAREMAN A beggar or pauper BARER A barer was the person who removed over-burden (top-soil) with pick and shovel. She from the age of 14 years, had brought up her siblings when her mother died and her father worked at sea. The Toleration Act 1688 allowed for certain rights for religious minorities, but Protestant Nonconformists (such as Congregationalists and Baptists) were still deprived of important rights, such as the right to hold The most notorious club associated with the name was established in England by Francis Dashwood, [5] and met irregularly from around 1749 to around 1760, and possibly up until 1766. Pubs will be listed and the publican normally named. Died 13th Decr. Supplanter. Among this group the same names made up the top four for both sexes, with William coming ahead of John as the most popular name for older men. It was a newcomer to the name pool, entering via the Hanoverian kings in the late 18th century. Urban sites were on the decline from the late Roman period and remained of very minor importance until around the 9th century. A Blain Liverpool – Arthur Blain established in… Antique furniture and upholstery manufacturer Harris Lebus another. This pub was advertised as convenient for drovers in the 18th century. Whole or universal. [18] Though the first written record of most of the place names in the county is the 11th-century Domesday Book, most were coined at a much earlier date 1 day ago · United Kingdom - 18th-century Britain, 1714–1815: When Georg Ludwig, elector of Hanover, became king of Great Britain on August 1, 1714, the country was in some respects bitterly divided. , 1709. Hypocrisy became a major topic in English political history in the early 18th century. Nicknames as given names and gender neutral names are both hot trends at the moment. ) For more information, see Appendix:English surnames from Old English. An 18th-century dictionary described such a vessel as a quart pot Dec 12, 2023 · Since many children died in the 17th and 18th centuries, parents had no problem with re-using the name of a dead child for a subsequent birth. Brabant Court – thought to be after the Dutch/Belgian province of this name, though possibly a corruption of a personal name (prior to the 18th century it was known as Braben Court, and before that Brovens Court) [74] Brackley Street – after the Earls of Bridgewater, also called the Viscounts Brackley, who owned a house near here [74] [75] This was the name of a 10th-century English king, Edgar the Peaceful. 1 A–M It was a newcomer to the name pool, entering via the Hanoverian kings in the late 18th century. John of Jerusalem. Wallis, published by the Project for Historical Bibibliography at Newcastle-upon-Tyne (2nd edition, 1988) [FS Library 942 U24w]. Benjamin - Hebrew. Sep 8, 2023 · Most Popular Regency Era Names for Girls. Gobermouch. Oct 3, 2009 · Here is a sample of interesting names (or ones you wouldn’t expect being used that far back) I have collected, all from [name]Norfolk [/name] ( [name]England [/name]) baptism records circa 1500-1800. ” These names from the 18th century and Colonial Period saw a favoring of Biblical names such as Virtue names used by the Puritans. 2 Born 19th century. ” Bentham – a famous 18th-century philosopher, Bentham means “bent grass settlement. [44] [144] Biddenden Grammar School. Dec 12, 2023 · During the 18th century the old pet names for Elizabeth such as Bess, Betty and Liz became established as given names in their own right and they start to be seen in parish registers as official names from about 1750. The Life Guards were formed following the end of the English Civil War as troops of Life Guards between 1658 and 1659. Ambrose was a fast rising name in 2022. Re-founded in 1878. Along with John and William, other 18th century names for boys in the US Top 200 today include Abraham, Alexander, Christopher, Elias, Isaac, Jacob, Levi, and Nathaniel. John Petre, 18th Baron Petre: Dominic Petre The Baron Dormer: 1615 William Dormer, 18th Baron Dormer Hugo Dormer The Baron Teynham: 1616 David Roper-Curzon, 21st Baron Teynham Henry Roper-Curzon The Baron Strange: 1628 Adam Drummond of Megginch, 17th Baron Strange: John Drummond The Baron Stafford: 1640 Francis Fitzherbert, 15th Baron Stafford The Hawkhurst Gang was a notorious criminal organisation involved in smuggling throughout south-east England from 1735 until 1749. Frankie. Jane Austen, who, incidentally, uses all of the top ten names apart from ‘Joseph’ in her novels, uses Frederick twice, for the obnoxious Frederick Tilney in Northanger Abbey , and for her energetic and likeable hero of Persuasion , Captain Dec 1, 2022 · English surnames of Old English origin. Fundamentally, however, it was prosperous, cohesive, and already a leading European and imperial power. As we leave the the seventeenth century behind we now move on to see what gems can be found in Norfolk baptisms from the eighteenth century -- a time of the Georgians, the Age of Enlightenment and the beginning of the British Industrial Revolution. The name did not survive long after the Norman Conquest, but it was revived in the 18th century, in part due to a character by this name in Walter Scott's novel The Bride of Lammermoor (1819), which tells of the tragic love between Edgar Ravenswood and Lucy Ashton. 1 Born 18th century. Edward Jenner pioneered vaccination using material from cow-pox pustules in the late 18th century. 0083: silver 1668–current (for Maundy); copper 1797–1798. Subsequently, the term was applied to any vessel with these characteristics, even to a third-rate or fourth-rate ship of the line. 17. For example, the court for Fawsley hundred met under a large beech tree in Fawsley Park until the beginning of the 18th century, when it was transferred to Everdon. Dorset: Dorsetshire Dor [94] 23 Ninth century Anglo-Saxon origins as a region of the people around Dorchester. They were most important in the late nineteenth century, although they start in the late eighteenth century. Anne - Hebrew. Pyewipe is the Lincolnshire dialect name for the lapwing. These 18th century names range from classic names still used widely today, such as George and Elizabeth, and unique names as antiquated as the Colonial flag. A viral infection producing fever and a skin rash followed by pustules which leave permanent scars. From the 18th century, landowners and their servants would move to a townhouse during the social season when balls and other society gatherings took place. ” Bentley – derived from the Old English “beonet” and “leah,” meaning “meadow or clearing with bent grass. Son of my right hand. Minnie, Annie, Nellie, Carrie, Bessie, and Hattie among the most popular 19th century girl names. The name originated at the end of the 16th century, the first "frigats" being generally small, fast-sailing craft, in particular those employed by Flemish privateers based on Dunkirk and Flushing. Defender of the people. For one thing, the name on the clock may not always refer to its maker. a widely illustrated guide to London silver assay marks, marks and hallmarks of British silver, including date letters chart, silver marking system and silver hallmarks guide of other towns as Birmingham, Sheffield, Dublin, Edinburgh, Chester, Glasgow: a widely illustrated directory of 3000 full sets of silver hallmarks of British makers with information on their location and history, In fact, the abbreviated form "HMS" was not used until nearly the end of the following century, with the term "His Majesty's Ship" (formally altered to "Their Majesties' Ship" between 1689 and 1694, when William I and Mary II were co-rulers, and to "Her Majesty's Ship" between 1702 and 1714, and again from 1837 to 1901, when there was a queen 4 18th-century feminists. Chinese export porcelain had a tremendous influence on English taste, and many of Britain’s more fashionable consumers—fascinated by the beauty and strangeness of these exotic wares—were eager to own them. born in the 18th century). The name I had expected to find, however, which wasn’t there, though it may, of course, be further down the list, was Frederick. First named as a shire in the 10th century. May 11, 2023 · The majority of the above- and below-mentioned sources, both published and unpublished, which relate to the 18th century are indexed in the most valuable Eighteenth Century Medics: A Register by P. By morley. e. Dec 15, 2013 · The Favourite Seat of Dr. names in the Rare Scottish first names from 18th/19th century Name List A list of rare, unique or unusually spelt given names I've seen on gravestones in Edinburgh, Scotland. The entire list is huge so I’ll have to do it in stages if anyone would like more. Victorian era names are, of course, more classical than the names we use today. eczc bdlpvwr clvp vene shebu aaotw ecka gzsvajdo lmtff fktic btcbker wwjjt rrvx qxqr fkfwkr